Mercury is a heavy metal with relatively high volatility. It can form compounds that enter the body and cause heavy metal poisoning. However, it has a special place in the periodic table as the only heavy liquid elemental substance.
One of the most game-changing inventions in modern civilization was the sprengel pump, which uses falling droplets of mercury to push air molecules out of a chamber. This produced high vacuums containing only rarified mercury vapor. These were sufficiently rarified to produce electric light bulbs, x-ray tubes, and phosphorescent lighting.
Sprengel pumps have fallen out of favor due to the difficulty of working with mercury safely and the vapor pressure not being low enough for ultra high vacuum. Also problematic is the creation of a monolayer of mercury on surfaces.
To make this more useful, we will consider some possible approaches produce higher vacuums.