Nation Within: The Story of America's Annexation of Hawaiʻi | PBS HAWAIʻI PRESENTS - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOj8xkeRCUU

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Language: en

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The following program was made
possible by the Office of

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Hawaiian Affairs, Bishop Museum
Native Hawaiian Culture and Arts

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Program, which is funded by the
National Park Service in the

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United States, the Hawaii
Committee for the Humanities,

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the Hawaii Community Foundation,
the Gerbode Foundation, and

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Pacific Islanders in
Communications, which is funded

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by the Corporation for Public
Broadcasting.

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(music)

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(Speaking Hawaiian)

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“William McKinley,
President, and the

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Senate of the United States of
America.  Greetings. Whereas

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there has been submitted to the
Senate, a treaty for the

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annexation of the Hawaiian
Islands. We the undersigned

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native Hawaiian citizens,
earnestly protest, Kue, against

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the annexation,  (speaking
Hawaiian) We protest against

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annexation in any
form or shape.”

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“My dear Captain Mahan, I need

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not tell you that as regards
Hawaii. I take your views,

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absolutely. If I had my way, we
would annex those islands

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tomorrow.” Signed Theodore
Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary

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United States Navy, May 1897.

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(crowd chanting in Hawaiian)

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Narrator: 1993 was observed in
Hawaii as the 100th anniversary

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of the overthrow of
the Hawaiian monarchy.

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It was an occasion for

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retelling stories of Hawaii's
last queen and also stories of

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the American missionary
descendants who conspired

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against her.

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Events that followed
the overthrow have been

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passed off as inevitable and
therefore of little interest.

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But unearthing the strange five
years between the overthrow and

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America's annexation of Hawaii
reveals not only where deeds

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were buried in island soil, but
something of how in the process,

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America became the world
power that it is today.

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Narrator: The first American
settlements in Hawaii

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originated from many
New England towns

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like those found
along the Kennebec River in

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Maine, but none mattered quite
like Augusta, Maine, and the

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little town down river,
Hallowell, Maine.

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The first sugar plantation

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in Hawaii was the
work of William Ladd and

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Peter Brimsmaid of Hallowell.
The oldest school in Hawaii,

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Punahou, was founded by the
Protestant missionary Daniel

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Dole who previously had lived in
Hallowell. The first American

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diplomat to discuss annexation
with the Hawaiian government was

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Luther Severance, founder of the
Kennebec Journal in Augusta,

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which originally was a part of
Hallowell. Severance sailed into

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Honolulu early in 1851. And
presented himself and his

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thoughts to the King, Kamehameha
the Third.

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Severance: “The occupation of

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the Pacific coast
of the American continent by our

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Republic will necessarily induce
a more intimate connection with

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your islands. This has been
contemplated in the late treaty

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negotiated at Washington and
which I am glad to hear has been

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ratified by you. I shall deem
myself fortunate if I can

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contribute to the permanent
independence of your government

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and the vigor and prosperity of
your people.”

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Narrator: Severance discussed
annexation with the king

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as a last resort to
protect Hawaii

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from the repeated
aggression of the

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imperial powers of Europe. When
it became clear that Hawaii

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expected to be a truly sovereign
state, their talks ended.

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Severance returned to Maine
where he inflamed the

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imaginations of the new editors
and proprietors of the newspaper

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he had founded, the Kennebec
Journal. One was John Stephens,

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then a Universalist Church
minister, a promoter of

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temperance, an opponent of
slavery, a founding member of a

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new political party called the
Republican Party. The other was

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James G. Blaine, originally a
teacher, then an editor,

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abolitionist, and also a founder
of the Republican Party.  Dr.

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Edward Crapol: I think the main
connection with Hawaii is this

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very fascinating and in some
ways a bit mysterious as to why

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all these people from this small
state on the eastern coast, the

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easternmost portion of the
United States, are so interested

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in these islands out in the
Pacific. It's a creation of what

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I call a sort of a Maine mafia
that that are interested in, in

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bringing Hawaii into the United
States' orbit and then

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ultimately, into
the American Union.

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Narrator: The story of
Stevens

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became mired in the
affairs of Hawaii but Blaine

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enjoyed a brilliant career that
lately is being reevaluated by

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American historians.

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Dr. Edward Crapol:
I think the real relationship

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between Secretary
of State Blaine and minister

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Stevens was based on their their
long association as friends and

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as expansionists and as two men
who shared a vision for American

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Empire and the United States'
destiny. They've been together

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for so long. They understand how
each other thinks.

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Narrator:
For the Hawaiians,

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the threat of
losing control of their nation

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always centered on America's
interest in a place on Oahu,

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called Puuloa known in English
as the Pearl River Lagoon. In

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1872, an American Army Major,
John Schofield, reconnoitered

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Hawaii in civilian clothes,
posing as a traveler.

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Schofield: “We spent three
months on the island and

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made a careful survey
of the Pearl River harbor,

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and found it to be of
exceedingly great value.

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The natural adaptability to
Naval purposes is

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perhaps not surpassed
by any harbor in the world.”

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Narrator: To get a naval
hold on the Pacific, America

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needed the Pearl River harbor.
To be consistently profitable,

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the sugar industry of Hawaii
needed access to the American

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sugar market duty free. So while
the name of the Treaty of

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Reciprocity suggested a
reciprocal or free trade treaty,

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the treaty between Hawaii and
America was more accurately an

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exchange of Hawaii's duty free
access to the American sugar

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market in return for a strategic
military position in the Central

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Pacific. The well-known story of
the time is of King David

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Kalakaua's eloquent statement on
behalf of the sugar industry to

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the United States Congress. The
little known story is about

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Hawaiian opposition to
reciprocity. And here, a man

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named Joseph Nawahi re-emerges
from obscurity.

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Nawahi was born
during the reign of

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Kamehameha the
Third on the island of Hawaii.

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He was educated by American
missionaries, taught school

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and studied law.

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When he took the bar
exam, the judge asked,

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"Who taught you the law?"

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Nawahi replied,
“I taught myself.”

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He repeatedly won election to
the legislature by telling

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voters he was so independent
that he had failed to get

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anything from the government for
his home district.

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(Speaking Hawaiian)

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Dr. Pauline King: So when
it finally came, it did

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exactly what the economic
interests thought it would do.

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Sugar just grew geometrically.
And of course, the United States

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is our only market.  Ninety nine
percent of Hawaii's sugar

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goes to U.S.

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Narrator: Within a few
years, the production of sugar

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doubled, and the population of
Asian workers quadrupled. The

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original treaty ran for seven
booming years, and then it ran

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from year to year pending
renewal or cancellation.

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Dr. Edward Crapol: When the
reciprocity treaty was up for

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renewal, there was strong
opposition to it in the Senate

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from protectionists, Republican
protectionists. Who saw the

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terms of the treaty being
detrimental to American

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producers. James G. Blaine was
out of office, but he remained

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very interested in reciprocity
and in Hawaii. And he tried to

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convince the opponents that this
should be seen in a broader

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context, not just in pocketbook
terms, but rather

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geopolitical terms that Hawaii
or the Hawaiian Islands

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were this outpost in the Pacific
that would aid American

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expansion into Asian markets.
And in order to sort of sweeten

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the deal, they decided to add
the amendment to give the

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United States exclusive right
to repair a naval facility

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at Pearl Harbor.

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Narrator: Hawaiian
nationalists prominently

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including Joseph Nawahi
protested the Pearl Harbor

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amendment and King Kalakaua
stood with them in their

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opposition. But by this time,
the sugar growers, their agents

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and lawyers, were organized to
force the kingdom to pay

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America's new asking price for
reciprocity. The week before the

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1887 coup d'etat, 900 new guns
arrived in Honolulu, and were

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distributed through hardware
stores and sugar agents to the

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white population of the town.
Already, the all-white Honolulu

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rifles were the best armed and
most disciplined troops in the

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country. Although outwardly
loyal to the kingdom, they were

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subverted by an oath exacted by
a handful of conspirators to

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support and protect white
citizens. The conspirators

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stopped short of taking over the
government directly, but forced

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the so-called Bayonet
Constitution on to Kalakaua.

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They reduced him at least
temporarily, to a figurehead.

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They installed a new cabinet and
turned the upper house of the

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legislature over to the wealthy
and mostly white participants in

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the new sugar economy.

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Dr. Jon Kamakawiwoole Osorio:
When people consider the

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Bayonet Constitution most of the

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focus tends to be on what it did
to Kalakaua. And one of the one

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of the problems with that, you
know, is that if you think that

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Kalakaua was an inept king or a
corrupt king or just a carouser,

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then you know, clipping his
wings is essentially considered

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to be a, you know, a reasonable
thing to do. But one of the

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really important effects of the
1887 constitution was the way it

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diminished real democracy and
real representative democracy in

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Hawaii. The other thing is what
it did to demean the meaning of

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nationhood for Hawaiians.

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Dr. Pauline King:
So they forced a

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situation which is extra legal
so it's really the first

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revolution in order to get that
renewal of reciprocity with the

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Pearl Harbor clause, which is
exactly what they did.

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Dr. Edward Crapol:
The relationship

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between the Pearl Harbor

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amendment and, and the coup and
Hawaii I think, is direct.

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(music)

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Narrator: In point of
fact, American pressure was just

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beginning. Benjamin Harrison,
one of the Republican senators

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who had pushed the Pearl Harbor
amendment, was elected

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president. To serve as Secretary
of State, Harrison chose the

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renowned James Blaine of Maine.
To serve as the new diplomatic

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representative to Hawaii,
Harrison chose John L. Stevens.

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From Honolulu, Stevens wrote
Blaine that Hawaiians were

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upset. The white cabinet imposed
by the Bayonet Constitution had

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been driven from office. A
rebellious Hawaiian named Robert

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Wilcox was threatening to
overthrow the government and

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replace it with a native
Republic. The American Congress

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added to the tension in Hawaii
by preparing a bill to cancel

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Hawaii's privileged position in
the sugar market. This triggered

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the reciprocity negotiation all
over again. And in the

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negotiation, James Blaine, again
upped the price of the sugar

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planters access to the American
market. Blaine proposed that the

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Hawaiian Kingdom not only turn
over Pearl Harbor to the

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American Navy, but also become a
protectorate of the United

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States. Native Hawaiians
protested once again. Blaine

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stalled. He reassured the
kingdom's representative that he

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would take care of Hawaii with
the new tariff law but

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in-explicably to this day,
Hawaii's market advantage

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disappeared from the bill as
passed. Reciprocity was dead.

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The sugar industry which drove
Hawaii's cash economy, was

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plunged into depression. It is
well known that King Kalakaua

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died in San Francisco, but not
so well known is that he had

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gone there for meetings that
were aimed at reviving

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reciprocity, the treaty that had
dominated his reign. The

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Hawaiian population having
experienced Kalakaua's loss of

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control in 1887, and seeing what
was happening to Pearl Harbor,

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petitioned his sister,
the new queen,

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for a more
traditional constitution.

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Dr. Jon Kamakawiwoole Osorio:
All of these things really,

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really pale for the
Hawaiian voter, to this

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one really important thing,
and that is

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the Constitution does not

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00:17:42.906 --> 00:17:47.210
reflect their lahui, and that
needs to be replaced. And this

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is the political reality, the
political reality for

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Liliuokalani when she becomes
Moi Wahine.

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Narrator: Anticipating that

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the Queen
might try to regain real

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governmental power for
Hawaiians, Americans of several

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types, high officials of the
American Government, overseas

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Americans and descendants of the
American missionaries,

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00:18:13.903 --> 00:18:15.672
waited to pounce.

230
00:18:20.543 --> 00:18:23.546
One of the carefully
cultivated myths of the

231
00:18:23.546 --> 00:18:27.650
overthrow, was that the
conspirators were a diverse

232
00:18:27.650 --> 00:18:32.388
group of indignant citizens, and
that they had a proper arm's

233
00:18:32.388 --> 00:18:35.792
length relationship with the
American government.

234
00:18:36.993 --> 00:18:39.662
Dr. Pauline King: There are
others involved, but the core of

235
00:18:39.662 --> 00:18:44.801
it is missionary descendants.
W.O. Smith, Thurston, Dole,

236
00:18:44.801 --> 00:18:47.170
they’ve been here an awfully
long time.

237
00:18:47.570 --> 00:18:50.940
But they are still the WASP or

238
00:18:50.940 --> 00:18:56.613
the white Anglo Saxon Protestant
of years ago. So that when they

239
00:18:56.613 --> 00:19:00.183
start a political party, they
even call themselves Whigs

240
00:19:00.750 --> 00:19:04.988
before they call themselves
Republicans. And in a way,

241
00:19:04.988 --> 00:19:06.956
they're they're captured in this

242
00:19:07.924 --> 00:19:10.560
psychology and ideology and

243
00:19:10.560 --> 00:19:14.030
spiritualism of those
early guys.

244
00:19:14.030 --> 00:19:15.732
And they haven't changed.

245
00:19:15.832 --> 00:19:19.736
Boston's changed, but they
haven't changed, you know. And

246
00:19:19.769 --> 00:19:23.906
so they are really pretty
archaic. And they do represent

247
00:19:24.040 --> 00:19:26.509
something that's very
fundamentally American.

248
00:19:28.544 --> 00:19:32.815
Narrator: Sanford Dole was the
second son of missionary Daniel

249
00:19:32.815 --> 00:19:37.954
Dole. When he was a little boy,
his father called Sanford into

250
00:19:37.954 --> 00:19:44.227
his study, and gave him a Bible.
Sanford burst into tears, then

251
00:19:44.227 --> 00:19:49.632
composed himself and read a
little each day until he had

252
00:19:49.632 --> 00:19:54.971
read it through. And then, he
read it again. He learned to

253
00:19:54.971 --> 00:19:58.975
speak and read Hawaiian, because
his father expected him to

254
00:19:58.975 --> 00:20:04.881
preach to Hawaiians in their own
language. From Honolulu, young

255
00:20:04.881 --> 00:20:09.852
Sanford moved with his father to
the sugar plantation at Koloa,

256
00:20:09.852 --> 00:20:15.191
Kauai, which was an economic
outpost of Hallowell, Maine.

257
00:20:16.259 --> 00:20:20.163
There, Sanford made friends with
another missionary offspring,

258
00:20:20.396 --> 00:20:25.068
William Owen Smith, and one day,
they were visited by a

259
00:20:25.068 --> 00:20:29.839
rambunctious little boy from
Honolulu named Lorrin Thurston.

260
00:20:31.274 --> 00:20:36.245
As adults, Dole, Smith and
Thurston attacked the character

261
00:20:36.245 --> 00:20:43.052
of Kalakaua and imposed the
Bayonet Constitution. Young

262
00:20:43.052 --> 00:20:47.557
Lorrin quickly distinguished
himself as the most aggressive.

263
00:20:48.458 --> 00:20:53.563
While Thurston immersed himself
in conspiracies, Sanford Dole

264
00:20:53.563 --> 00:20:57.734
created an impression of
hovering on a loftier plane.

265
00:20:59.268 --> 00:21:02.672
Sanford Dole: “History derives
less interest from the magnitude

266
00:21:02.672 --> 00:21:07.343
of its events than from the
principles involved therein. The

267
00:21:07.343 --> 00:21:12.515
uprising of a small people may
be as inspiring as the uprising

268
00:21:12.515 --> 00:21:15.685
of a great nation.” Sanford Dole.

269
00:21:17.720 --> 00:21:19.722
Narrator: Dole translated

270
00:21:19.756 --> 00:21:24.260
Hawaiian stories, and he made
friends with a Hawaiian woman

271
00:21:24.527 --> 00:21:29.499
who agreed to having one of her
children, Puiki, or Lizzie, be

272
00:21:29.499 --> 00:21:35.037
adopted in a hanai, Hawaiian
way, by Dole and his wife, Anna.

273
00:21:35.037 --> 00:21:39.976
Dole: “Lizzie who is very dear to
me, almost as if she was my own

274
00:21:39.976 --> 00:21:44.580
child. She is a conscientious
girl, and I want to give her all

275
00:21:44.580 --> 00:21:48.451
the protection and good
influence I can.” Sanford Dole.

276
00:21:49.752 --> 00:21:54.490
Narrator: In the years after the
first coup, Dole became a judge.

277
00:21:54.791 --> 00:21:59.495
He sailed with his friends on
weekends to Ford Island at Pearl

278
00:21:59.495 --> 00:22:07.103
Harbor. By 1892, Kalakaua was
dead, and the reciprocity treaty

279
00:22:07.203 --> 00:22:11.541
was a shambles. The sugar
industry was sinking. And John

280
00:22:11.541 --> 00:22:16.813
Stevens, despite his highly
undiplomatic behavior was firmly

281
00:22:16.813 --> 00:22:22.351
entrenched as United States
Minister. Stevens, in line with

282
00:22:22.351 --> 00:22:27.623
Secretary of State James Blaine,
had pushed for reducing Hawaii

283
00:22:27.790 --> 00:22:33.129
to a protectorate, but in his
zeal, Stevens had become an

284
00:22:33.129 --> 00:22:38.835
annexationist. Nothing would do,
but for America to take over.

285
00:22:41.204 --> 00:22:46.742
Dr. Edward Crapol: Late 91 and
early 1892 he and Harrison are

286
00:22:46.742 --> 00:22:51.247
expecting a change might come
and Blaine in fact is saying to

287
00:22:51.247 --> 00:22:54.750
Harrison that I think a change
is gonna- we better be ready for

288
00:22:54.750 --> 00:22:57.153
events that might occur in
Hawaii.

289
00:23:03.860 --> 00:23:07.430
(music)

290
00:23:10.766 --> 00:23:12.034
Narrator:
While the Queen thought of

291
00:23:12.034 --> 00:23:14.770
Stevens as rude and hostile, she

292
00:23:14.770 --> 00:23:18.241
had no way of knowing the extent
of his connection to the top

293
00:23:18.241 --> 00:23:22.044
reaches of the American
government. But Lorrin Thurston

294
00:23:22.044 --> 00:23:26.983
did. In early 1892, Thurston
arrived at Blaine's door in

295
00:23:26.983 --> 00:23:31.020
Washington, DC, with a letter of
introduction from John Stevens.

296
00:23:31.487 --> 00:23:35.057
Thurston asked what will happen
if we overthrow the Queen?

297
00:23:36.425 --> 00:23:39.028
Blaine was frustrated by the
failure of his protectorate

298
00:23:39.028 --> 00:23:43.766
plan. He was also mortally ill.
He assured Thurston of his

299
00:23:43.766 --> 00:23:47.336
support. Blaine then sent
Thurston to see the Secretary of

300
00:23:47.336 --> 00:23:50.940
the Navy, B.F. Tracey, whose
office was in the same building,

301
00:23:51.374 --> 00:23:55.011
which today is known as the
executive office building. Tracy

302
00:23:55.011 --> 00:23:57.980
gave Thurston a friendly
reception, then walked him

303
00:23:57.980 --> 00:24:02.518
across the lawn to the White
House. There, Thurston waited,

304
00:24:02.518 --> 00:24:05.288
while the President of the
United States, and the Secretary

305
00:24:05.288 --> 00:24:09.191
of the Navy, discussed the
overthrow of a small friendly

306
00:24:09.191 --> 00:24:12.061
government.  Dr. Edward Crapol:
It is significant that he takes

307
00:24:12.061 --> 00:24:15.298
him right to the top so to
speak. It's also significant

308
00:24:15.298 --> 00:24:18.634
that President Harrison realizes
there's certain impropriety here

309
00:24:19.402 --> 00:24:23.039
and doesn't meet with him
directly, but gives him the

310
00:24:23.039 --> 00:24:26.876
indirect green light by saying
we'd be sympathetic to

311
00:24:26.876 --> 00:24:28.377
whatever you want to do.

312
00:24:29.579 --> 00:24:32.214
B.F. Tracey: “The President
authorizes me to say

313
00:24:32.214 --> 00:24:36.919
to you that if conditions in
Hawaii compel you people to act

314
00:24:36.919 --> 00:24:40.222
as you have indicated, and you
come to Washington with an

315
00:24:40.222 --> 00:24:45.394
annexation proposition, you will
find an exceedingly sympathetic

316
00:24:45.394 --> 00:24:47.129
administration here.”

317
00:24:47.129 --> 00:24:51.901
“That was all I wanted to know.”
Lorrin Thurston.

318
00:24:53.169 --> 00:24:55.371
Narrator: When the
Queen attempted to proclaim a

319
00:24:55.371 --> 00:24:58.441
new constitution, the
understanding which the

320
00:24:58.441 --> 00:25:01.043
committee of annexation had
forged with the American

321
00:25:01.043 --> 00:25:05.348
government, served as the basis
of the coup that destroyed

322
00:25:05.348 --> 00:25:10.653
native government in Hawaii. The
Queen surrendered to the United

323
00:25:10.653 --> 00:25:14.457
States in the belief that John
Stevens' behavior was not only

324
00:25:14.457 --> 00:25:18.060
an aberration of diplomatic
protocol, but an aberration of

325
00:25:18.060 --> 00:25:26.469
American policy.  On the first
night of the coup, with American

326
00:25:26.469 --> 00:25:30.573
troops camped outside, white
militia occupied the legislative

327
00:25:30.573 --> 00:25:34.043
buildings of the kingdom, to
pass the night, they sang the

328
00:25:34.043 --> 00:25:36.379
Battle Hymn of the Republic.

329
00:25:39.615 --> 00:25:41.384
Dr. Pauline King: One of the
advisory council said,

330
00:25:41.384 --> 00:25:43.552
"Well, who's going
to be our leader?"

331
00:25:43.552 --> 00:25:46.622
And they said, "Well, Thurston,
you should be." and he said,

332
00:25:46.622 --> 00:25:50.826
"No, because I'm not popular
enough." He said, "We need

333
00:25:50.826 --> 00:25:56.465
someone like Dole", you know
this very majestic figure with a

334
00:25:56.465 --> 00:26:00.936
long beard and people like him.
And you know, he's got some

335
00:26:00.936 --> 00:26:03.339
connections with the Hawaiian
community, and they're very

336
00:26:03.339 --> 00:26:05.107
close, et cetera, et cetera.

337
00:26:07.043 --> 00:26:09.712
Dole: “Much to my surprise, the

338
00:26:09.712 --> 00:26:13.115
Committee of safety wished me to
take the lead in the scheme to

339
00:26:13.115 --> 00:26:16.719
suppress the monarchy, and
organize a new government in its

340
00:26:16.719 --> 00:26:21.457
stead. I told them I would
consider their proposition

341
00:26:21.457 --> 00:26:25.828
overnight, and give my decision
in the morning to the Executive

342
00:26:25.828 --> 00:26:28.631
Committee, which had been
created by the Committee of

343
00:26:28.631 --> 00:26:31.033
Safety.” Sanford Dole.

344
00:26:31.033 --> 00:26:32.568
Thurston: “It was universally

345
00:26:32.568 --> 00:26:36.272
felt that a man of Dole's
standing, character and

346
00:26:36.272 --> 00:26:40.076
disposition could not
consciously identify himself

347
00:26:40.076 --> 00:26:45.514
with or advocate a selfish or
unjust cause. His mere

348
00:26:45.514 --> 00:26:49.285
participation as the leader
disarmed and neutralized

349
00:26:49.285 --> 00:26:53.089
opposition and brought support
that could have been secured in

350
00:26:53.089 --> 00:26:57.927
practically no other way.”
Lorrin Thurston.

351
00:27:00.062 --> 00:27:01.363
Narrator: The proponents
of an expanded

352
00:27:01.363 --> 00:27:03.032
American Navy rushed to their

353
00:27:03.032 --> 00:27:08.270
cause. Young Theodore Roosevelt
was exactly Thurston's age, 35.

354
00:27:09.038 --> 00:27:12.374
He had studied law at Columbia
University, as did Thurston.

355
00:27:13.275 --> 00:27:16.212
Roosevelt declared that Hawaii
should be taken over

356
00:27:16.212 --> 00:27:20.382
immediately. Roosevelt's
colleague, Captain Alfred Mahan,

357
00:27:20.883 --> 00:27:24.453
was just emerging as America's
philosopher of sea power.

358
00:27:25.755 --> 00:27:27.123
Alfred Mahan:
“The Hawaiian group

359
00:27:27.123 --> 00:27:30.793
possesses unique importance,
not from its

360
00:27:30.793 --> 00:27:34.764
intrinsic commercial value, but
from its favorable position

361
00:27:34.764 --> 00:27:38.868
for maritime and military
control of the Pacific.”

362
00:27:39.735 --> 00:27:42.671
Narrator: Referring to the large
number of Asian immigrant sugar

363
00:27:42.671 --> 00:27:47.710
workers, Mahan described
annexation as a white cork in a

364
00:27:47.710 --> 00:27:51.480
yellow bottle. In the same
breath, he advocated the

365
00:27:51.480 --> 00:27:55.551
building of a canal across the
isthmus of the Americas and

366
00:27:55.551 --> 00:27:58.420
establishing American
predominance over the Caribbean

367
00:27:58.420 --> 00:28:04.059
ocean. Thurston and his cohorts
arrived in Washington desperate

368
00:28:04.059 --> 00:28:07.830
to turn the nation of Hawaii
over to the United States. A

369
00:28:07.830 --> 00:28:11.967
treaty was drafted in 12 days
and placed before the United

370
00:28:11.967 --> 00:28:17.306
States Senate, but time had run
out. Democrat Grover Cleveland

371
00:28:17.673 --> 00:28:21.243
had been elected president. And
he had listened to the Queen's

372
00:28:21.243 --> 00:28:24.346
representatives tell the
Hawaiian side of the story.

373
00:28:33.155 --> 00:28:38.394
(chanting in Hawaiian)

374
00:28:39.595 --> 00:28:41.063
Narrator: Over millennia,

375
00:28:41.397 --> 00:28:45.734
voyaging peoples had evolved
into the most complex and

376
00:28:45.734 --> 00:28:51.040
thriving society of the ocean
and island world of Polynesia,

377
00:28:51.340 --> 00:28:55.211
forming the four highly
developed kingdoms of Kauai,

378
00:28:55.411 --> 00:29:00.883
Oahu, Maui, and the kingdom of
Hawaii. When the British

379
00:29:00.883 --> 00:29:05.688
explorers arrived, they only
slowly grasped that the four

380
00:29:05.688 --> 00:29:10.860
kingdoms were involved in a war
to determine who would rule over

381
00:29:10.860 --> 00:29:12.695
all the islands.

382
00:29:14.830 --> 00:29:18.334
The arrival of
steel and guns speeded up the

383
00:29:18.334 --> 00:29:22.738
course of the wars of conquest,
and the enormous armies of

384
00:29:22.738 --> 00:29:28.410
Hawaii Island soon prevailed
under the leadership of the Moi,

385
00:29:28.410 --> 00:29:35.050
Kamehameha, founder of the
Hawaiian nation. Although Lorrin

386
00:29:35.050 --> 00:29:40.389
Thurston portrayed Queen
Liliuokalani as an imitation of

387
00:29:40.389 --> 00:29:46.161
European monarchs, she was in
fact a traditional ruling chief,

388
00:29:46.595 --> 00:29:52.134
the great granddaughter of the
high-ranking chief Keaweaheulu

389
00:29:52.134 --> 00:29:59.408
of Kealakekua Kona, an ally of
Kamehameha in the war. By the

390
00:29:59.408 --> 00:30:03.846
time of the overthrow, the
Hawaiian system of ruling chiefs

391
00:30:03.846 --> 00:30:07.716
had been modified by the
half-century practice of

392
00:30:07.716 --> 00:30:12.221
constitutional monarchy,
enlivened by a vibrant free

393
00:30:12.221 --> 00:30:16.058
press and
a high rate of literacy.

394
00:30:17.893 --> 00:30:19.695
The native hui's,

395
00:30:19.695 --> 00:30:24.600
literally gatherings, were at
once political parties and

396
00:30:24.600 --> 00:30:27.736
patriotic organizations.

397
00:30:27.736 --> 00:30:29.738
Noenoe Silva: The first
Hui, Hui Kalaiaina,

398
00:30:29.738 --> 00:30:35.444
was developed to in
order to gain political power

399
00:30:35.678 --> 00:30:40.783
for Native Hawaiians, after the
Bayonet Constitution which

400
00:30:40.783 --> 00:30:46.055
stripped the King Kalakaua of
his many of his powers. The Hui

401
00:30:46.055 --> 00:30:49.825
Aloha Aina, was formed
immediately after the overthrow

402
00:30:49.825 --> 00:30:54.830
of Queen Liliuokalani, in order
to prevent annexation.

403
00:30:55.464 --> 00:30:57.333
“We particularly resent the

404
00:30:57.333 --> 00:30:59.301
presumption of being transferred

405
00:30:59.301 --> 00:31:01.971
like a flock of sheep, and
bartered like a herd of

406
00:31:01.971 --> 00:31:06.041
untutored savages by an
unprincipled minority of aliens

407
00:31:06.041 --> 00:31:09.845
who have no right, no legal
power, not even a claim of

408
00:31:09.845 --> 00:31:14.350
conquest by warfare. And, we
cannot believe that our friends

409
00:31:14.350 --> 00:31:18.220
of the great and just American
nation could tolerate annexation

410
00:31:18.220 --> 00:31:22.624
by force against the wishes of
the majority of the population.”

411
00:31:24.226 --> 00:31:26.895
Petition of the Women of
Hui Aloha Aina.

412
00:31:30.099 --> 00:31:32.267
Narrator: During the first year,

413
00:31:32.267 --> 00:31:37.373
hopes rose and
fell and rose again.

414
00:31:40.476 --> 00:31:42.611
The bell rang every morning

415
00:31:42.611 --> 00:31:46.081
before dawn
at Kaumakapili Church, calling

416
00:31:46.081 --> 00:31:50.386
the Hawaiian citizens to pray
for restoration of the native

417
00:31:50.386 --> 00:31:57.893
government. The Queen spent New
Year's Eve of 1894 in seclusion

418
00:31:57.893 --> 00:32:02.331
at Washington place. She wrote
in her diary that the missionary

419
00:32:02.331 --> 00:32:06.201
descendants were gathered at
their choral church singing

420
00:32:06.201 --> 00:32:11.673
praises to God, while their
spies were lurking, and 50 armed

421
00:32:11.673 --> 00:32:17.679
men roamed the streets. Rumors
circulated that she was to be

422
00:32:17.679 --> 00:32:24.453
assassinated. Finally she dosed,
only to be awakened by the

423
00:32:24.453 --> 00:32:29.825
explosion of fireworks and the
ringing of church bells. She

424
00:32:29.825 --> 00:32:33.962
resumed her writing.
Liliuokalani: “All that

425
00:32:33.962 --> 00:32:39.635
transpired in 1893 is of the
past, that our nation may be

426
00:32:39.635 --> 00:32:43.872
restored by President Cleveland
and Congress is my earnest

427
00:32:43.872 --> 00:32:47.142
prayer and the
prayer of my people.”

428
00:32:50.012 --> 00:32:51.246
Narrator:
Cleveland dismissed

429
00:32:51.246 --> 00:32:55.751
Stevens and described
the coup as a wholly American

430
00:32:55.751 --> 00:32:58.887
event and act of war.

431
00:32:58.887 --> 00:33:00.355
Cleveland:
“The lawful government

432
00:33:00.355 --> 00:33:05.894
of Hawaii was overthrown by a
process directly traceable to

433
00:33:06.462 --> 00:33:11.834
and dependent for its success
upon the agency of the United

434
00:33:11.834 --> 00:33:15.871
States, acting through its
diplomatic and naval

435
00:33:15.871 --> 00:33:19.741
representatives.” Grover
Cleveland, President of the

436
00:33:19.741 --> 00:33:21.143
United States.

437
00:33:22.878 --> 00:33:24.179
Narrator:
Cleveland demanded that Dole

438
00:33:24.179 --> 00:33:27.883
step down and restore the Queen
to power. But Cleveland refused

439
00:33:27.883 --> 00:33:31.920
to backup his demand militarily.
Dole announced that America had

440
00:33:31.920 --> 00:33:34.690
no right to meddle in the
affairs of Hawaii.

441
00:33:35.224 --> 00:33:37.392
Dr. Edward Crapol: What if
the provisional government

442
00:33:37.392 --> 00:33:40.162
refuses to relinquish its power

443
00:33:40.162 --> 00:33:43.098
and allow the monarchy
to be reestablished? Are we

444
00:33:43.098 --> 00:33:46.101
going to send troops ashore and
suppress the provisional

445
00:33:46.101 --> 00:33:49.638
government?
Well, in the cabinet,

446
00:33:49.638 --> 00:33:51.573
the answer to that is no.

447
00:33:51.573 --> 00:33:54.376
We can act as if we might
want to use force but when the

448
00:33:54.376 --> 00:33:56.578
crunch really comes, we're not
going to. That would be a

449
00:33:56.578 --> 00:33:59.481
political disaster for us to go
in there and suppress that

450
00:33:59.481 --> 00:34:02.417
provisional government, use
force to restore the monarchy.

451
00:34:06.155 --> 00:34:08.657
Narrator: Cleveland was widely
ridiculed for siding with a

452
00:34:08.657 --> 00:34:12.594
brown-skinned queen. A
cartoonist, portrayed Cleveland

453
00:34:12.594 --> 00:34:17.232
as a Don Quixote, who had tilted
at windmills. Suddenly, the

454
00:34:17.232 --> 00:34:21.336
subject of Hawaii was displaced
from the center of American

455
00:34:21.336 --> 00:34:25.007
public attention. Although its
warehouses and granaries were

456
00:34:25.007 --> 00:34:29.511
full to the brim, America was
sinking into a disastrous

457
00:34:29.511 --> 00:34:33.682
depression. The cry went up
across the political spectrum

458
00:34:33.682 --> 00:34:37.219
for the development of world
markets. Then more and more

459
00:34:37.219 --> 00:34:41.290
Americans believe the nation's
capacity for production would be

460
00:34:41.290 --> 00:34:45.394
matched by demand for its
products. Lorrin Thurston

461
00:34:45.394 --> 00:34:49.331
advised his fellow conspirators
not to worry, that Cleveland was

462
00:34:49.331 --> 00:34:52.568
being engulfed by domestic
problems, and by criticism of

463
00:34:52.568 --> 00:34:57.472
his support for an outdated
monarchy. No one seemed to need

464
00:34:57.472 --> 00:35:01.810
reassurance quite like Sanford
Dole. Fearing for his life, he

465
00:35:01.810 --> 00:35:05.180
seldom stayed at home overnight,
but moved from neighbor to

466
00:35:05.180 --> 00:35:08.150
neighbor, never sleeping in the
same place two nights in a row.

467
00:35:09.184 --> 00:35:12.621
Dole: “Having the best weapons
counts in our favor, and they

468
00:35:12.621 --> 00:35:15.490
are cheaper than men.”
President Dole.

469
00:35:15.691 --> 00:35:17.326
Narrator: In the fall of 1893,

470
00:35:17.326 --> 00:35:21.430
with the entire world
watching events in Hawaii, Dole

471
00:35:21.430 --> 00:35:24.967
retreated not only from his job,
but from Honolulu.

472
00:35:25.968 --> 00:35:27.736
Dole: “I had to take a vacation

473
00:35:27.736 --> 00:35:31.240
on account of
my health. This I spent at an

474
00:35:31.240 --> 00:35:35.077
isolated livestock ranch in the
uplands of the island of Hawaii.

475
00:35:36.245 --> 00:35:38.146
I remained there
about seven weeks.”

476
00:35:38.380 --> 00:35:40.082
Narrator: More precisely,
he stayed with his

477
00:35:40.082 --> 00:35:41.516
adopted Hawaiian daughter

478
00:35:41.516 --> 00:35:46.054
Lizzie, her husband and their
children. The Queen said he was

479
00:35:46.054 --> 00:35:52.527
suffering from a severe attack
of conscience. Dole's wife told

480
00:35:52.527 --> 00:35:56.031
people that Sanford was
seriously ill with brain fever.

481
00:35:56.999 --> 00:36:01.903
Anna: “My dear Sanford, get
strong and well. Do not use your

482
00:36:01.903 --> 00:36:05.374
head at all.” Anna Dole.

483
00:36:18.453 --> 00:36:19.421
Narrator: The problem of the

484
00:36:19.421 --> 00:36:23.191
provisional government now was
to stay in power as a coup

485
00:36:23.191 --> 00:36:26.895
d'etat government, which was
widely resented by the people

486
00:36:26.895 --> 00:36:33.902
they governed. From Washington,
Lorrin Thurston wrote the first

487
00:36:33.902 --> 00:36:38.774
draft of a new constitution.
Thurston was inspired by the

488
00:36:38.774 --> 00:36:42.311
state of Mississippi's
constitution, which had taken

489
00:36:42.311 --> 00:36:47.149
the vote away from black
citizens. He recommended English

490
00:36:47.149 --> 00:36:51.353
proficiency barriers to prevent
Asian immigrants from voting,

491
00:36:51.853 --> 00:36:56.558
and a combination of income and
property barriers against all

492
00:36:56.692 --> 00:37:01.296
but the well-to-do. To keep the
majority of Hawaiian voters

493
00:37:01.296 --> 00:37:05.434
away, he proposed that they
swear an oath renouncing the

494
00:37:05.434 --> 00:37:09.404
Hawaiian monarchy and supporting
annexation.

495
00:37:10.105 --> 00:37:11.840
Dr. Jon Kamakawiwoole Osorio:
For them to participate

496
00:37:11.840 --> 00:37:15.510
at all means that
they have to commit treason.

497
00:37:16.378 --> 00:37:18.513
They have to swear that they

498
00:37:18.513 --> 00:37:23.885
will not support the Queen. They
can't do it. It's as simple as

499
00:37:23.885 --> 00:37:26.988
that. To participate in the
Republic is to deny being a

500
00:37:26.988 --> 00:37:31.093
Hawaiian. And that's- it's
something that the majority of

501
00:37:31.093 --> 00:37:33.128
Hawaiians simply will not do.

502
00:37:33.128 --> 00:37:35.864
Thurston: “The object of this
blanket oath is twofold,

503
00:37:35.864 --> 00:37:39.501
one, to finally
impress upon the world

504
00:37:39.501 --> 00:37:43.939
and more particularly upon the
Kanaka mind, the fact that

505
00:37:43.939 --> 00:37:51.513
monarchy is pau, over, and two,
as far as possible, shut out

506
00:37:51.513 --> 00:37:54.349
from participation in the
reorganization of the

507
00:37:54.349 --> 00:38:00.689
government, all those who are
not with us.” Lorrin Thurston.

508
00:38:01.590 --> 00:38:04.893
Narrator: In addition to
Thurston, Sanford Dole turned

509
00:38:04.893 --> 00:38:09.865
for advice to Thurston's alma
mater, Columbia University in

510
00:38:09.865 --> 00:38:14.169
New York City, and at then
renowned professor named John

511
00:38:14.169 --> 00:38:19.474
Burgess. Burgess taught an
entire generation, including his

512
00:38:19.474 --> 00:38:24.579
student, Theodore Roosevelt,
that only people of Aryan or

513
00:38:24.579 --> 00:38:29.451
Northern European descent had
the qualities necessary for the

514
00:38:29.451 --> 00:38:35.157
exercise of free government and
free enterprise. He too

515
00:38:35.157 --> 00:38:40.395
advocated that only property
owners vote. He urged that a

516
00:38:40.395 --> 00:38:45.534
strong president be appointed,
not elected, while judges should

517
00:38:45.534 --> 00:38:52.307
be drawn from proper Teutonic
backgrounds and sit for life. In

518
00:38:52.307 --> 00:38:56.711
preparation for a constitutional
convention, the Provisional

519
00:38:56.711 --> 00:39:01.583
Government reduced the voter
list to less than one third its

520
00:39:01.583 --> 00:39:06.688
previous size. Seventeen
delegates were then elected and

521
00:39:06.688 --> 00:39:12.961
another 18 appointed mostly
members of the government. To

522
00:39:12.961 --> 00:39:17.799
Jefferson's inalienable rights
to life, liberty, and the

523
00:39:17.799 --> 00:39:22.137
pursuit of happiness, the
delegates added the right of

524
00:39:22.137 --> 00:39:28.410
acquiring, possessing and
protecting property. The new

525
00:39:28.410 --> 00:39:33.482
constitution empowered the
legislature to supervise,

526
00:39:33.482 --> 00:39:40.822
register, control and identify
all persons or any class or

527
00:39:40.822 --> 00:39:46.194
nationality of persons, as well
as their places of residence,

528
00:39:46.194 --> 00:39:52.033
business and employment. The
provision apparently was aimed

529
00:39:52.033 --> 00:39:55.504
at immigrant workers who were
leaving the harsh life of the

530
00:39:55.504 --> 00:39:57.506
plantations in droves.

531
00:40:00.108 --> 00:40:01.476
Changqing: “By what right do our

532
00:40:01.476 --> 00:40:06.181
white skin brothers assumed to
lord it over us, and to say we

533
00:40:06.181 --> 00:40:10.685
should do business and trade and
live and breathe only by their

534
00:40:10.685 --> 00:40:14.990
consent?” Changqing,
a citizen of Chinese ancestry

535
00:40:14.990 --> 00:40:17.859
to a mass meeting at
the Chinese Theatre.

536
00:40:19.194 --> 00:40:21.263
Narrator: The new constitution

537
00:40:21.263 --> 00:40:26.268
approved freedom of religion, so
long as this freedom was not

538
00:40:26.268 --> 00:40:33.542
construed as to justify acts of
licentiousness. Finally, it

539
00:40:33.542 --> 00:40:36.811
named Sanford Dole
as head of government

540
00:40:36.811 --> 00:40:40.615
without the nicety
of an election.

541
00:40:41.683 --> 00:40:45.086
Thurston: “Allow me to
congratulate you upon the

542
00:40:45.086 --> 00:40:50.025
passage of the law creating you
President. Long may you wave.”

543
00:40:50.792 --> 00:40:54.729
Lorrin Thurston, correspondence
to Sanford Dole.

544
00:40:56.665 --> 00:40:59.935
Narrator: On the fourth
of July 1894,

545
00:40:59.935 --> 00:41:03.305
Sanford Dole,
surrounded by uniformed

546
00:41:03.305 --> 00:41:06.508
soldiers, proclaimed
the existence

547
00:41:06.508 --> 00:41:09.244
of the Republic of Hawaii.

548
00:41:10.979 --> 00:41:14.683
Thurston: “To call it
the Republic of Hawaii gives it

549
00:41:14.683 --> 00:41:21.556
more character and distinctness.
It should have the word Republic

550
00:41:21.556 --> 00:41:23.258
in the name.”

551
00:41:24.392 --> 00:41:27.462
Narrator: In spite
of its undemocratic nature, the

552
00:41:27.462 --> 00:41:32.701
new constitution did its job.
The Republic of Hawaii was

553
00:41:32.701 --> 00:41:36.471
immediately granted diplomatic
recognition by the American

554
00:41:36.471 --> 00:41:39.641
government, as well as the other
major world powers.

555
00:41:41.843 --> 00:41:44.379
Noenoe Silva: This incensed the
Hawaiian people

556
00:41:44.379 --> 00:41:47.282
and particularly incensed
Joseph Nawahi.

557
00:41:47.282 --> 00:41:49.584
How can you
establish a permanent

558
00:41:49.584 --> 00:41:55.991
government in the enlightened
1890s without the consent of the

559
00:41:55.991 --> 00:42:01.663
governed. The hui called for a
mass protest rally on July 2,

560
00:42:01.663 --> 00:42:06.334
two days before the planed
ceremony. And Joseph Nawahi

561
00:42:06.334 --> 00:42:09.671
gave his famous lei stand
speech.

562
00:42:10.271 --> 00:42:16.678
Nawahi: (speaking Hawaiian)

563
00:42:16.678 --> 00:42:20.181
“The house of
government belongs to us, just

564
00:42:20.181 --> 00:42:25.754
as the Kamehamehas built it. We
were ousted by trespassers who

565
00:42:25.754 --> 00:42:30.291
entered our house and who are
now saying to us to reside in

566
00:42:30.291 --> 00:42:34.562
the lei stand, which they have
set up and are forcing us all to

567
00:42:34.562 --> 00:42:40.268
enter. But I say to you, my
fellow citizens, let us not

568
00:42:40.268 --> 00:42:50.245
enter nor consent at all.”
(speaking Hawaiian)

569
00:42:50.245 --> 00:42:54.849
Joseph Nawahi, President,
Hui Aloha Aina.

570
00:43:06.961 --> 00:43:08.430
Narrator: Hawaii now had

571
00:43:08.430 --> 00:43:13.168
a government which represented
only a small minority of

572
00:43:13.168 --> 00:43:18.273
residents, mostly foreigners.
Many avoided not only a

573
00:43:18.273 --> 00:43:22.677
declaration of loyalty to
Hawaii, but any form of dual

574
00:43:22.677 --> 00:43:27.215
citizenship, for fear of losing
citizenship in their country of

575
00:43:27.215 --> 00:43:33.555
origin. The foreigners were
called denizens, a legal status

576
00:43:33.621 --> 00:43:38.593
which gave them voting rights.
The foreign minister of the New

577
00:43:38.593 --> 00:43:43.531
Republic, Henry Cooper, newly
arrived from America, was a

578
00:43:43.531 --> 00:43:48.570
denizen. The secretary of
Hawaii's legation in Washington,

579
00:43:48.837 --> 00:43:53.374
Frank Hastings, was also a
denizen.

580
00:43:54.943 --> 00:43:57.679
Willis: “It is certainly
a novelty in

581
00:43:57.679 --> 00:44:00.348
governmental history, a country

582
00:44:00.348 --> 00:44:04.486
without a citizenship.”
Albert Willis,

583
00:44:04.486 --> 00:44:06.855
Cleveland's minister to Hawaii.

584
00:44:08.123 --> 00:44:10.492
Ke Aloha Aina newspaper:
“30 or 40 road workers

585
00:44:10.492 --> 00:44:15.897
left their jobs and went
straight home. Auwe. Why are you

586
00:44:15.897 --> 00:44:21.035
all coming back the wives asked.
Well, we were required to sign,

587
00:44:21.369 --> 00:44:25.673
to agree to annexation, but we
all refused, we will never

588
00:44:25.673 --> 00:44:30.378
agree. It would be better to die
than agree.” Ke Aloha Aina,

589
00:44:30.845 --> 00:44:33.214
October 5, 1895.

590
00:44:34.582 --> 00:44:37.185
Narrator: The Hawaiians
had bided their time,

591
00:44:37.652 --> 00:44:42.423
believing America would help
them. But America's recognition

592
00:44:42.423 --> 00:44:46.528
of the Republic of Hawaii pushed
the native Hawaiians to the

593
00:44:46.528 --> 00:44:51.332
breaking point. They had only a
fraction of the guns needed for

594
00:44:51.332 --> 00:44:56.404
a serious rebellion. They were
spied upon. They had not gone to

595
00:44:56.404 --> 00:45:03.411
war for 100 years. Nonetheless,
perhaps as many as 700 Hawaiians

596
00:45:03.411 --> 00:45:10.351
rebelled. Nawahi was imprisoned
early. So was the Crown Prince

597
00:45:10.351 --> 00:45:17.358
Jonah Kuhio. 200 were jailed and
sentenced by a martial law court

598
00:45:17.358 --> 00:45:20.395
made up of white
military officers.

599
00:45:26.201 --> 00:45:27.702
The queen was charged

600
00:45:27.702 --> 00:45:32.340
with misprision of treason, an
arcane allegation that she knew

601
00:45:32.340 --> 00:45:37.679
what might happen, but did not
stop it. A missionary

602
00:45:37.679 --> 00:45:41.783
descendant, who was a Supreme
Court justice, ransacked her

603
00:45:41.783 --> 00:45:45.854
desk and took her papers,
looking for evidence to use

604
00:45:45.887 --> 00:45:51.259
against her. At her trial in the
throne room of the palace, she

605
00:45:51.259 --> 00:45:59.500
refused to speak English. How do
you plead? She was found guilty

606
00:45:59.500 --> 00:46:04.906
and imprisoned in an upstairs
room for seven months.

607
00:46:17.685 --> 00:46:21.956
(music)

608
00:46:21.956 --> 00:46:25.126
Narrator: The Asian immigrants
saw that control of the Hawaiian

609
00:46:25.126 --> 00:46:28.930
government had fallen into the
hands of white people who were

610
00:46:28.930 --> 00:46:33.601
tied to America. They saw that
white immigrants were

611
00:46:33.601 --> 00:46:37.338
immediately being granted the
right to vote. So the Asians

612
00:46:37.338 --> 00:46:44.112
began to ask, "Why should we not
vote as well?" The Chinese

613
00:46:44.112 --> 00:46:47.882
immigrants signed a petition
asking for the right to vote,

614
00:46:47.882 --> 00:46:54.522
but they were ignored. The
Japanese immigrants were not so

615
00:46:54.522 --> 00:47:00.461
easily denied. By the time of
the Japanese migration to

616
00:47:00.461 --> 00:47:05.266
Hawaii, Japan had set its sights
on being treated as an equal

617
00:47:05.266 --> 00:47:10.371
among nations. The setting of
Hawaii was particularly

618
00:47:10.371 --> 00:47:15.810
important to Japan because Japan
and the Kingdom of Hawaii had

619
00:47:15.810 --> 00:47:21.416
signed a treaty of friendship.
The Republic of Hawaii continued

620
00:47:21.416 --> 00:47:26.821
this treaty because it depended
on Japan for plantation workers.

621
00:47:27.488 --> 00:47:34.595
(Man speaking Japanese)

622
00:47:52.180 --> 00:47:54.182
Dr. Pauline King:
Japan is interested in getting

623
00:47:54.182 --> 00:47:56.117
equal treaties.
She wants to be

624
00:47:56.117 --> 00:47:59.887
accepted within the
international world on an equal

625
00:47:59.887 --> 00:48:07.562
basis. And it's not a bad idea
to use Hawaii. And I don't mean

626
00:48:07.562 --> 00:48:13.167
that, you know negatively, but
in a diplomatic sense to use her

627
00:48:13.167 --> 00:48:16.337
people in Hawaii as a, as one of
those moves.

628
00:48:17.105 --> 00:48:19.507
Narrator: Japan's relationship
with the nation of

629
00:48:19.507 --> 00:48:23.044
Hawaii had been good. But when

630
00:48:23.044 --> 00:48:27.815
the white oligarchy in Hawaii
refused the Japanese request for

631
00:48:27.815 --> 00:48:32.220
the right to vote, it started a
downward spiral of tension and

632
00:48:32.220 --> 00:48:35.890
suspicion that was to be
exploited politically in

633
00:48:35.890 --> 00:48:43.598
Washington later on.  By 1896,
an American presidential

634
00:48:43.598 --> 00:48:47.535
election was coming, and with it
came the possibility of a change

635
00:48:47.535 --> 00:48:51.539
in the political climate.
Francis Hatch, a protege of

636
00:48:51.539 --> 00:48:54.776
Sanford Dole, was now the
Republic's ambassador to

637
00:48:54.776 --> 00:48:58.980
Washington. He met with Senator
John Tyler Morgan, a Democrat

638
00:48:58.980 --> 00:49:01.749
from Selma, Alabama, and
Chairman of the Foreign

639
00:49:01.749 --> 00:49:06.120
Relations Committee. Morgan said
there were too many Japanese

640
00:49:06.120 --> 00:49:10.825
immigrants in Hawaii, and he
contended that Japan had designs

641
00:49:10.825 --> 00:49:15.029
on Hawaii. Hatch knew, as did
everyone in Hawaii that the

642
00:49:15.029 --> 00:49:18.633
Japanese had been recruited by
the sugar planters to work on

643
00:49:18.633 --> 00:49:22.336
their ever-growing plantations.
But, his surviving correspondent

644
00:49:22.336 --> 00:49:24.972
shows he nonetheless,
was moved to action by

645
00:49:24.972 --> 00:49:27.475
Senator Morgan's complaint.

646
00:49:27.475 --> 00:49:30.578
Hatch: “We should
begin to make a record which

647
00:49:30.578 --> 00:49:35.149
will appeal to people here.
There can be no more powerful

648
00:49:35.149 --> 00:49:39.353
argument to be used than the
claim that we are trying to save

649
00:49:39.353 --> 00:49:44.559
the country from the Asiatics,
provided we have something to

650
00:49:44.559 --> 00:49:49.797
base it on.” Francis Hatch,
Ambassador of the Republic of

651
00:49:49.797 --> 00:49:51.599
Hawaii to Washington.

652
00:49:52.633 --> 00:49:54.535
Smith: “Not that the
Japanese government

653
00:49:54.535 --> 00:49:58.072
has any definite designs on
these islands. But Japanese

654
00:49:58.072 --> 00:50:01.576
interests are growing stronger
all the time, and designs will

655
00:50:01.576 --> 00:50:06.147
inevitably follow. The Japanese
are intelligent and ambitious.

656
00:50:06.147 --> 00:50:08.649
And the more their interests
increase here, the more they

657
00:50:08.649 --> 00:50:13.121
will recognize the fact that we
alone are to a great degree

658
00:50:13.121 --> 00:50:18.559
helpless.” W.O. Smith, Attorney
General of the Republic.

659
00:50:19.760 --> 00:50:23.297
Narrator: The Dole government
proceeded to make a record.

660
00:50:24.265 --> 00:50:29.504
Japanese rice wine was subjected
to a prohibitive tax. The 14,000

661
00:50:29.504 --> 00:50:32.907
members of the United Guild of
Sake Brewers of Japan petitioned

662
00:50:32.907 --> 00:50:39.013
Dole, with Japanese politeness.
Serious conflict arose from the

663
00:50:39.013 --> 00:50:41.883
Republic requirement that
immigrants have $50 in their

664
00:50:41.883 --> 00:50:46.020
possession, as well as a locally
signed work contract, even

665
00:50:46.020 --> 00:50:50.791
though vagrancy had never been
an issue. Over 1,300 immigrants

666
00:50:50.791 --> 00:50:54.962
were singled out from four
different ships, detained, then

667
00:50:54.962 --> 00:50:57.632
returned to Japan.
Many because their packets of

668
00:50:57.632 --> 00:51:00.401
money were too new.

669
00:51:01.235 --> 00:51:04.138
Cooper: “It is of course
not our purpose to have it

670
00:51:04.138 --> 00:51:07.742
appear that we are forcing the
issue to bring about annexation.

671
00:51:08.309 --> 00:51:11.746
We should go far enough to show
up the matter clearly, at the

672
00:51:11.746 --> 00:51:16.417
same time, not overdo it.” Henry
Cooper, Foreign Minister of the

673
00:51:16.417 --> 00:51:17.885
Republic of Hawaii

674
00:51:19.320 --> 00:51:20.788
Dr. Pauline King:
Because you see they're

675
00:51:20.788 --> 00:51:25.092
not stopping immigration. And in
fact, once when they get this

676
00:51:25.326 --> 00:51:30.631
situation beginning to be
mediated, they continue Japanese

677
00:51:30.631 --> 00:51:33.568
immigration so it's with one
hand or doing one thing with

678
00:51:33.568 --> 00:51:38.739
another they're continuing the
same situation.

679
00:51:48.749 --> 00:51:50.251
Narrator:
The insults to Japan

680
00:51:50.251 --> 00:51:53.154
occurred simultaneously
with the election

681
00:51:53.154 --> 00:51:57.091
of William McKinley as president
and the return of the Republican

682
00:51:57.091 --> 00:52:01.696
Party to power. Lorrin Thurston
got himself reassigned to

683
00:52:01.696 --> 00:52:05.733
Washington to exploit the
possibilities of the McKinley

684
00:52:05.733 --> 00:52:10.905
administration. Liliuokalani,
now free from her imprisonment,

685
00:52:10.905 --> 00:52:15.576
left Hawaii and soon relocated
in Washington as well. Young

686
00:52:15.576 --> 00:52:18.246
Theodore Roosevelt maneuvered
desperately for a position of

687
00:52:18.246 --> 00:52:21.449
power in the new administration.
He was still so youthful in his

688
00:52:21.449 --> 00:52:26.087
1896 photographs, as to be
hardly recognizable today. Yet

689
00:52:26.087 --> 00:52:28.489
he already had been
a force in national life

690
00:52:28.489 --> 00:52:30.358
for at least a dozen years.

691
00:52:34.562 --> 00:52:37.331
He had gone west
long enough to lament the

692
00:52:37.331 --> 00:52:42.336
closing of the frontier, and now
he nursed ideas of new frontiers

693
00:52:42.336 --> 00:52:48.242
beyond the sea. All he asked was
to be Assistant Secretary of the

694
00:52:48.242 --> 00:52:49.844
United States Navy.

695
00:52:50.311 --> 00:52:52.780
Nathan Miller: After all, he had
written about it in his book,

696
00:52:52.780 --> 00:52:55.383
The Naval War of 1812. He fought

697
00:52:55.383 --> 00:52:58.686
at Naval Affairs, he was in
contact with Mahan, he knew a

698
00:52:58.686 --> 00:53:01.589
lot about the Navy. He was
interested in the Navy. He was

699
00:53:01.589 --> 00:53:05.660
familiar with details of armor,
guns, machinery, and Roosevelt

700
00:53:05.660 --> 00:53:07.361
sees the opportunity.

701
00:53:10.031 --> 00:53:11.666
Once Roosevelt came
to Washington as

702
00:53:11.666 --> 00:53:15.369
assistant secretary, he became
the chief of an imperialist

703
00:53:15.369 --> 00:53:18.873
coterie and they met once a week
or so for lunch at the

704
00:53:18.873 --> 00:53:22.410
Metropolitan Club in downtown
Washington. Some of the members

705
00:53:22.410 --> 00:53:25.980
included Senator Henry Cabot
Lodge of Massachusetts,

706
00:53:25.980 --> 00:53:29.250
Roosevelt’s closest friend,
Commodore George Dewey who was

707
00:53:29.250 --> 00:53:33.187
on shore duty at the time,
various members of the Senate

708
00:53:33.187 --> 00:53:37.658
and the House and they were all
for expansion of American power

709
00:53:37.658 --> 00:53:38.492
in the world.

710
00:53:39.460 --> 00:53:41.729
Narrator: For Roosevelt's
purposes, the most

711
00:53:41.729 --> 00:53:46.033
important was Captain Alfred
Mahan, by then widely renowned

712
00:53:46.033 --> 00:53:48.636
as America's leading philosopher
of sea power.

713
00:53:50.137 --> 00:53:51.272
Nathan Miller:
“Mahan and Roosevelt

714
00:53:51.272 --> 00:53:53.507
agreed on certain points
of the control of

715
00:53:53.507 --> 00:53:57.678
Hawaii to control the Pacific,
serve as a base for American

716
00:53:57.678 --> 00:54:03.084
ships in the Pacific to build a
canal across across Central

717
00:54:03.084 --> 00:54:07.321
America. At that time, they were
talking about Nicaragua, to

718
00:54:07.321 --> 00:54:10.491
control Cuba, so they could
control the canal approaches to

719
00:54:10.491 --> 00:54:14.762
the canal and the other islands
of the Caribbean. Also, they

720
00:54:14.762 --> 00:54:17.832
agreed on the idea of a large
Navy, a Navy based upon

721
00:54:17.832 --> 00:54:21.736
battleships, not a Navy based
upon smaller ships, a cruising

722
00:54:21.736 --> 00:54:25.439
Navy, a Navy that could fight a,

723
00:54:25.439 --> 00:54:28.342
a sea battle of the
classic scale.

724
00:54:29.210 --> 00:54:31.145
Narrator: As the
strategic base in the Mid

725
00:54:31.145 --> 00:54:35.282
Pacific, Hawaii was there for
the taking. But the crusade for

726
00:54:35.282 --> 00:54:39.387
annexation was stalled.
Roosevelt complained bitterly

727
00:54:39.954 --> 00:54:43.557
that Americans had a queer lack
of imperial instinct.

728
00:54:44.458 --> 00:54:48.596
Roosevelt: “My dear Captain
Mahan, as regards Hawaii, I take

729
00:54:48.596 --> 00:54:52.233
your views absolutely, as indeed
I do on foreign policy

730
00:54:52.233 --> 00:54:56.437
generally. If I had my way, we
would annex those islands

731
00:54:56.437 --> 00:55:01.776
tomorrow. We should build the
Nicaraguan canal at once, and in

732
00:55:01.776 --> 00:55:04.845
the meantime, that we should
build a dozen new battleships,

733
00:55:04.845 --> 00:55:10.418
half of them on the Pacific
coast. I earnestly hope we could

734
00:55:10.418 --> 00:55:13.421
make the President look at
things our way.”

735
00:55:15.423 --> 00:55:16.924
Narrator: Only
days after Roosevelt's

736
00:55:16.924 --> 00:55:19.894
bellicose letter to Mahan,
Japan provided

737
00:55:19.894 --> 00:55:24.331
Roosevelt with the situation he
had been waiting for. To placate

738
00:55:24.331 --> 00:55:27.635
a Japanese public, angered by
the humiliation of its overseas

739
00:55:27.635 --> 00:55:32.506
immigrants, Japan sent a warship
to Honolulu. Japanese diplomats

740
00:55:32.506 --> 00:55:36.710
reassured officials in Tokyo,
Honolulu, and Washington that

741
00:55:36.710 --> 00:55:40.781
they had no warlike intentions.
But Roosevelt was excited by

742
00:55:40.781 --> 00:55:42.049
thoughts of war.

743
00:55:42.550 --> 00:55:45.186
Roosevelt: “Do you think
Thurston, the Japanese

744
00:55:45.186 --> 00:55:49.723
really intend to fight in
Honolulu? If they do, I hope

745
00:55:49.723 --> 00:55:52.293
they will do so now.
And we certainly will

746
00:55:52.293 --> 00:55:54.862
give them a belly full.”

747
00:55:57.131 --> 00:56:00.267
Narrator: In Hawaii, the
Republic's fear was not that

748
00:56:00.267 --> 00:56:03.704
Japan would fight, but that the
Japanese government was not

749
00:56:03.704 --> 00:56:07.208
seriously upset, and that the
Japanese, after bouts of

750
00:56:07.208 --> 00:56:10.177
socializing and drinking, were
planning to return home.

751
00:56:13.280 --> 00:56:15.583
Cooper: “I'm afraid that
they're going to back down

752
00:56:15.583 --> 00:56:19.753
too soon from their position.”
Henry Cooper,

753
00:56:19.753 --> 00:56:22.890
Foreign Minister,
Republic of Hawaii.

754
00:56:23.824 --> 00:56:26.360
Narrator: In fact,
Japan's interest in Hawaii was

755
00:56:26.360 --> 00:56:28.562
limited and experimental.

756
00:56:29.096 --> 00:56:31.298
Dr. Akira Iriye: There's a
tremendous interest in Hawaii

757
00:56:31.298 --> 00:56:35.169
as a place for
sending Japanese

758
00:56:35.202 --> 00:56:38.372
workers. There's no question
about it the tremendous interest

759
00:56:38.372 --> 00:56:43.878
in sending Japanese immigrants
to Hawaii. But this does not

760
00:56:43.878 --> 00:56:48.249
mean that there was an interest,
or design, or plan to take over

761
00:56:48.249 --> 00:56:52.486
Hawaiʻi. If by that it's meant
the idea of annexing Hawaii to

762
00:56:52.486 --> 00:56:56.190
Japan was turning Hawaii into a
Japanese colony, there is no

763
00:56:56.190 --> 00:56:59.126
such design.
There's no such idea.

764
00:57:00.094 --> 00:57:01.762
Narrator: Although the
anti-Japanese

765
00:57:01.762 --> 00:57:05.599
propaganda was
transparent, the cry of yellow

766
00:57:05.599 --> 00:57:10.771
peril caused the tide in America
to turn toward annexation.

767
00:57:10.771 --> 00:57:15.543
McKinley: “We cannot let these
islands go to Japan. Japan has

768
00:57:15.543 --> 00:57:20.414
her eye on them. I am satisfied
they do not go there voluntarily

769
00:57:20.414 --> 00:57:25.085
as ordinary immigrants, but
Japan is pressing them in there

770
00:57:25.152 --> 00:57:28.923
in order to get possession
before anybody can interfere.”

771
00:57:30.291 --> 00:57:33.060
William McKinley,
President of the United States

772
00:57:34.662 --> 00:57:37.197
Narrator: On June 9, 1897,

773
00:57:37.197 --> 00:57:40.167
after three long
intimate meetings with McKinley,

774
00:57:40.801 --> 00:57:44.338
Roosevelt predicted that
something would happen shortly,

775
00:57:44.705 --> 00:57:48.842
regarding Hawaii. Three days
later, Lorrin Thurston's

776
00:57:48.842 --> 00:57:51.579
delegation was called into the
reception room of the State

777
00:57:51.579 --> 00:57:55.983
Department and asked if the
Republic of Hawaii was ready to

778
00:57:55.983 --> 00:58:03.857
negotiate for annexation. Yes.
The draft treaty turned over the

779
00:58:03.857 --> 00:58:07.861
independence of the nation of
Hawaii as well as nearly half of

780
00:58:07.861 --> 00:58:11.732
all the land in the Hawaiian
islands. "Would the gentleman

781
00:58:11.732 --> 00:58:17.571
from Hawaii like to make any
changes?" "No thank you." The

782
00:58:17.571 --> 00:58:22.176
little oligarchy, fearful of
being excluded from the American

783
00:58:22.176 --> 00:58:26.714
sugar market, fearful of the
native citizenry, fearful of the

784
00:58:26.714 --> 00:58:31.151
Japanese on whose labor their
economy depended, was ready for

785
00:58:31.151 --> 00:58:33.887
annexation on any terms.

786
00:58:35.222 --> 00:58:37.291
Smith: “Dear Brother Hatch, the

787
00:58:37.291 --> 00:58:41.161
expression ‘annexation at any
cost’ is not a good way of

788
00:58:41.161 --> 00:58:45.032
putting it. But after all, we
must eventually depend upon the

789
00:58:45.032 --> 00:58:49.470
goodwill of the United States.
Once annexed we are dealing with

790
00:58:49.470 --> 00:58:54.808
friends.” W.O. Smith, Attorney
General of the Republic

791
00:59:01.915 --> 00:59:07.454
Liliuokalani: “I Liliuokalani of
Hawaii do hereby call upon the

792
00:59:07.454 --> 00:59:13.293
president of that nation, to
whom alone I yielded my property

793
00:59:13.293 --> 00:59:18.599
and my authority to withdraw
said treaty from further

794
00:59:18.599 --> 00:59:24.638
consideration. I ask the
honorable Senate of the United

795
00:59:24.638 --> 00:59:31.645
States to decline to ratify said
treaty, and I implore the people

796
00:59:31.645 --> 00:59:38.085
of this great and good nation
from whom my ancestors learned

797
00:59:38.085 --> 00:59:42.489
the Christian religion to
sustain the principles of their

798
00:59:42.489 --> 00:59:49.430
fathers. To the almighty ruler
of the universe, to him who

799
00:59:49.430 --> 00:59:54.201
judgeth righteously,
I commit my cause.

800
01:00:02.242 --> 01:00:04.445
Noenoe Silva: Joseph
Nawahi contracted

801
01:00:04.445 --> 01:00:09.216
tuberculosis while he was
in jail. His health

802
01:00:09.216 --> 01:00:14.288
started to fail because of the
tuberculosis. And the doctor

803
01:00:14.321 --> 01:00:19.293
recommended to him and his wife
that he go on a therapeutic

804
01:00:19.293 --> 01:00:26.600
journey to San Francisco. And on
his deathbed, he actually

805
01:00:26.600 --> 01:00:32.940
apologized to his wife that she
had to see him die somewhere

806
01:00:34.074 --> 01:00:41.782
other than Hawaii. When the ship
came in with his casket on it

807
01:00:41.782 --> 01:00:47.087
into Honolulu Harbor, it was as
if one of the monarchs had died.

808
01:00:47.087 --> 01:00:51.792
There were so many people
crowding to welcome him back in.

809
01:00:53.393 --> 01:00:55.462
If there had been a native
government, he would have been

810
01:00:55.462 --> 01:00:59.533
the President.
So the President died.

811
01:01:00.601 --> 01:01:03.036
Narrator: Despite the
loss of Nawahi,

812
01:01:03.036 --> 01:01:05.672
Thurston's attempt to
give away the nation

813
01:01:05.672 --> 01:01:09.977
of Hawaii pushed Hawaiians to a
new level of protest.

814
01:01:10.878 --> 01:01:13.580
Noenoe Silva: The queen is on

815
01:01:13.580 --> 01:01:16.550
the east coast,
the Huis are writing to

816
01:01:16.550 --> 01:01:21.288
her. She's writing back to them
on a weekly basis. They are

817
01:01:21.288 --> 01:01:27.227
sending up formulating within
the Hui composing protest

818
01:01:27.227 --> 01:01:30.664
documents and sending them to
her and asking her to present

819
01:01:30.664 --> 01:01:36.870
them to the new president.
Basically, they say that the

820
01:01:36.870 --> 01:01:42.709
overthrow was illegal, that
Grover Cleveland

821
01:01:42.709 --> 01:01:46.480
had called the
United States involvement

822
01:01:46.480 --> 01:01:50.250
an act of war,
and that it was wrong.

823
01:01:51.585 --> 01:01:56.890
They remind the President that
the formation of the Republic of

824
01:01:56.890 --> 01:01:59.359
Hawaii was done without the
consent of the governed,

825
01:01:59.560 --> 01:02:03.864
therefore, it was completely
illegitimate. They also remind

826
01:02:03.864 --> 01:02:09.169
him that if a vote were taken
among all eligible voters, the

827
01:02:09.169 --> 01:02:13.340
vote would be overwhelmingly
against annexation.

828
01:02:13.340 --> 01:02:14.608
Dr. Jon Kamakawiwoole Osorio:
There's no question

829
01:02:14.608 --> 01:02:16.176
if Hawaiians had been
allowed to vote.

830
01:02:16.176 --> 01:02:20.113
If the electorate the way it was
set up in 1887,

831
01:02:20.113 --> 01:02:23.450
even had been allowed
to vote, there would be no,

832
01:02:23.450 --> 01:02:25.819
there could have been no
annexation, they would have

833
01:02:25.819 --> 01:02:28.655
voted the restore the Queen and
that's why there's really no

834
01:02:28.655 --> 01:02:31.758
question that democracy was
tremendously subverted.

835
01:02:33.126 --> 01:02:35.195
Carter:
“I am indignant at the action

836
01:02:35.195 --> 01:02:36.930
which took place here on the

837
01:02:36.930 --> 01:02:43.871
17th of January 1893. As an
offspring of American parents, I

838
01:02:43.871 --> 01:02:48.909
am ashamed of that action. The
men in power to counsel of their

839
01:02:48.909 --> 01:02:52.012
fears and not their good
judgment.”

840
01:02:53.080 --> 01:02:55.582
J.O. Carter, White Royalist.

841
01:02:56.416 --> 01:03:00.420
Narrator: To fill the
void left by Nawahi's death, a

842
01:03:00.420 --> 01:03:04.958
new leader James Kaulia, was
elected as a result of

843
01:03:04.958 --> 01:03:09.997
grassroots meetings throughout
the islands. Kaulia said the

844
01:03:09.997 --> 01:03:14.234
oligarchy had created the
Republic to obscure their dirty

845
01:03:14.234 --> 01:03:18.372
work, and they wanted
annexation, so their deeds could

846
01:03:18.372 --> 01:03:25.512
be hidden forever. Still hoping
that democratic America would

847
01:03:25.512 --> 01:03:30.851
not take over Hawaii without the
consent of the Hawaiians, the

848
01:03:30.851 --> 01:03:35.188
leadership of the resistance
planned a new petition drive.

849
01:03:35.822 --> 01:03:40.494
This petition was to be so
enormous that it would prove

850
01:03:40.494 --> 01:03:44.798
conclusively that the great
majority of Hawaiians were

851
01:03:44.798 --> 01:03:47.434
opposed to annexation.

852
01:03:48.769 --> 01:03:53.173
Kaulia:
(speaking Hawaiian)

853
01:03:53.173 --> 01:03:59.279
“In my capacity as a leader of
the nation, I am advising you if

854
01:03:59.279 --> 01:04:03.016
we persist in our determination
to protest annexation,

855
01:04:03.016 --> 01:04:05.852
the little government of the
Republic can keep trying

856
01:04:05.852 --> 01:04:08.822
until the walls of
‘Iolani Palace crumble

857
01:04:08.822 --> 01:04:12.960
and never will
Hawaii be annexed to America.”

858
01:04:13.393 --> 01:04:17.197
James Kaulia,
President, Hui Aloha Aina.

859
01:04:19.266 --> 01:04:24.571
Noenoe Silva: It was an attempt
to hold the American politicians

860
01:04:24.571 --> 01:04:27.708
to their stated principles.

861
01:04:28.241 --> 01:04:32.913
To hold them to their
ideals of you know,

862
01:04:32.913 --> 01:04:37.284
government of the people
by the people and for the people.

863
01:04:37.951 --> 01:04:42.155
Narrator: Senator John
T. Morgan, arrived in Hawaii and

864
01:04:42.155 --> 01:04:46.026
tried to talk Hawaiians into
happily submitting to

865
01:04:46.026 --> 01:04:47.728
annexation.

866
01:04:51.164 --> 01:04:54.434
Morgan announced he
would speak only to the

867
01:04:54.434 --> 01:04:59.339
Hawaiians. His words were
translated, but the church

868
01:04:59.339 --> 01:05:02.209
filled up mostly
with white people.

869
01:05:02.209 --> 01:05:05.946
Morgan: “We are not anxious
to recruit soldiers from here...

870
01:05:05.946 --> 01:05:08.782
(speaking Hawaiian)

871
01:05:09.549 --> 01:05:15.989
We are not anxious to secure
your land. We are anxious to

872
01:05:15.989 --> 01:05:20.427
secure you from aggression from
foreign powers.

873
01:05:20.427 --> 01:05:24.731
(speaking Hawaiian)

874
01:05:25.766 --> 01:05:28.769
It makes very little
difference whether you are

875
01:05:28.769 --> 01:05:35.509
smothered by a landslide or by
an influx of Asiatics.

876
01:05:35.509 --> 01:05:37.978
The result is the same.”

877
01:05:37.978 --> 01:05:40.013
(speaking Hawaiian)

878
01:05:41.381 --> 01:05:43.116
Narrator:
A second U.S. Senator,

879
01:05:43.116 --> 01:05:46.620
Richard Pettigrew,
followed Morgan to Hawaii.

880
01:05:48.688 --> 01:05:53.493
Pettigrew: “I had supposed when
I came that many Hawaiians were

881
01:05:53.493 --> 01:05:58.899
in favor of annexation.
But I have talked with everyone

882
01:05:58.899 --> 01:06:03.370
who would talk with me and I
have failed to find a native

883
01:06:03.370 --> 01:06:07.674
Hawaiian who was not
opposed to annexation.”

884
01:06:08.308 --> 01:06:09.810
Michaelson:
“The strongest memory

885
01:06:09.810 --> 01:06:13.280
I have of the islands is
connected with a meeting at Hilo

886
01:06:13.280 --> 01:06:17.117
on the island of Hawaii. The
place was packed with natives

887
01:06:17.117 --> 01:06:20.787
and a crowd stood outside as
well. It was a woman's meeting

888
01:06:20.787 --> 01:06:22.956
but there were
many men present.

889
01:06:23.290 --> 01:06:26.726
Emma Nawahi said, ‘Sign this

890
01:06:26.726 --> 01:06:32.766
petition. Those of you who love
Hawaii, how many will sign?’ And

891
01:06:32.766 --> 01:06:36.103
in a moment, the palms of
hundreds of hands were turned

892
01:06:36.103 --> 01:06:41.241
toward her. A voice shouted from
the rear. ‘I speak for those who

893
01:06:41.241 --> 01:06:48.281
cannot come in. They tell me to
say no annexation. Never.’"

894
01:06:49.216 --> 01:06:52.486
Marian Michaelson, Reporter, San
Francisco Call.

895
01:06:56.923 --> 01:07:01.328
Narrator: On November 22, 1897,

896
01:07:01.328 --> 01:07:05.132
James Kaulia, and three
other leaders of the

897
01:07:05.132 --> 01:07:10.604
Hawaiian political societies
left for Washington, DC with the

898
01:07:10.604 --> 01:07:16.243
petition that eventually came to
rest in the National Archives.

899
01:07:17.077 --> 01:07:23.416
It has 21,000 names, as it was
described in the Native Hawaiian

900
01:07:23.416 --> 01:07:29.122
language press. A second
petition was circulated by Hui

901
01:07:29.122 --> 01:07:34.761
Kalaiaina, as part of the same
effort. This second petition is

902
01:07:34.761 --> 01:07:40.767
described in the newspaper as
having another 17,000 names, but

903
01:07:40.767 --> 01:07:44.237
it's whereabouts
today is unknown.

904
01:07:45.972 --> 01:07:47.440
Noenoe Silva: So together
it was nearly

905
01:07:47.440 --> 01:07:51.344
39,000
and the estimated Kanaka Maoli

906
01:07:51.344 --> 01:07:58.552
population at the time was
40,000. Almost everyone.

907
01:07:58.552 --> 01:08:01.488
Women, children and men

908
01:08:01.488 --> 01:08:04.391
expressing to the
President and the Congress

909
01:08:04.391 --> 01:08:10.230
that every last Hawaiian was
opposed to annexation, whether

910
01:08:10.230 --> 01:08:14.301
they were 2 years old, or 90
years old, whether they were a

911
01:08:14.301 --> 01:08:19.973
male voter, or a woman. So it
was about everybody saying we do

912
01:08:19.973 --> 01:08:23.476
not want to be annexed. It
wasn't a question of voter

913
01:08:23.476 --> 01:08:28.081
eligibility. It was the whole
nation expressing their will.

914
01:08:28.081 --> 01:08:33.119
Narrator: Given the intricacies
of Washington, the Hawaiian

915
01:08:33.119 --> 01:08:38.191
delegation had reason to believe
their voices had been heard.

916
01:08:39.226 --> 01:08:41.795
Noenoe Silva: There were already
something like 56 votes for

917
01:08:41.795 --> 01:08:44.965
annexation and all that was
needed was 60. According to

918
01:08:44.965 --> 01:08:49.669
their story, they lobbied
tirelessly. Night and day,

919
01:08:49.669 --> 01:08:54.374
through the snow and the ice.
When they left, they finally

920
01:08:54.374 --> 01:09:00.447
left in February, it was down to
46 votes, and it was it was

921
01:09:00.447 --> 01:09:04.050
going to be impossible to pass
the treaty with a two-thirds

922
01:09:04.050 --> 01:09:05.018
vote of the Senate.

923
01:09:05.485 --> 01:09:08.321
And, it came back to Hawaii.
And they told

924
01:09:08.321 --> 01:09:12.492
the people we did it. It's over
the treaty's dead.

925
01:09:14.294 --> 01:09:17.063
Narrator: Despite the
Japanese scare,

926
01:09:17.063 --> 01:09:18.965
despite the lobbying of Theodore

927
01:09:18.965 --> 01:09:24.604
Roosevelt and Alfred Mahan, the
annexation treaty failed to pass

928
01:09:24.604 --> 01:09:30.510
the 1897 Congress. It was the
second all-out campaign for

929
01:09:30.510 --> 01:09:34.414
annexation to fail in
four years.

930
01:09:35.915 --> 01:09:37.083
Kaulia: “Be steadfast in

931
01:09:37.083 --> 01:09:43.189
aloha for the aina and be united
in thought. Protest forever the

932
01:09:43.189 --> 01:09:50.030
annexation of Hawaii
to America.” James Kaulia.

933
01:10:02.409 --> 01:10:03.810
Narrator:
An anti-imperialist movement

934
01:10:03.810 --> 01:10:05.712
was slowly
organizing in America.

935
01:10:06.613 --> 01:10:09.916
But letters written to the
Republic of Hawaii reflected a

936
01:10:09.916 --> 01:10:14.020
growing excitement over America
extending its boundaries to a

937
01:10:14.020 --> 01:10:15.889
distant tropical paradise.

938
01:10:17.490 --> 01:10:19.659
Hoight: “Dear Sir, a party of

939
01:10:19.659 --> 01:10:21.895
young men here are talking
strongly of going to the

940
01:10:21.895 --> 01:10:25.899
Sandwich Islands to settle. Are
we taking a liberty in asking

941
01:10:25.899 --> 01:10:28.535
you for information on
the price of land?”

942
01:10:29.502 --> 01:10:31.971
D.C. Hoight, Owosso, Michigan.

943
01:10:34.240 --> 01:10:36.509
Easly: “Dear Sir, will
you kindly give me some

944
01:10:36.509 --> 01:10:39.579
information in regard to the
schools in Hawaii? What are the

945
01:10:39.579 --> 01:10:42.882
requirements, salaries paid and
length of the school year?”

946
01:10:43.183 --> 01:10:45.819
N.D. Easly,
Johnson City, Tennessee.

947
01:10:46.820 --> 01:10:48.855
Parker Shoe Company:
“Dear Sir,

948
01:10:48.855 --> 01:10:52.425
we would like to have a few
names of the principal dealers

949
01:10:52.425 --> 01:10:54.494
there handling shoes.”

950
01:10:55.528 --> 01:10:59.499
Parker Shoe Company,
Jefferson City, Missouri.

951
01:11:08.408 --> 01:11:10.944
Narrator: Although dismayed
by America's failure to

952
01:11:10.944 --> 01:11:15.148
take over Hawaii, Theodore
Roosevelt was heartened by the

953
01:11:15.148 --> 01:11:19.085
possibility of war with Spain
over Spain's treatment of Cuba,

954
01:11:19.085 --> 01:11:20.687
its Caribbean colony.

955
01:11:20.920 --> 01:11:22.956
Roosevelt:
“I should welcome any war

956
01:11:22.956 --> 01:11:27.160
for I think this country
needs one. All the great

957
01:11:27.160 --> 01:11:29.963
masterful races have been
fighting races.”

958
01:11:33.733 --> 01:11:35.235
Narrator:
The battleship Maine

959
01:11:35.235 --> 01:11:38.204
blew up in
Havana Harbor in early 1898.

960
01:11:38.938 --> 01:11:42.675
Theodore Roosevelt needed no
investigation. Surely, it was

961
01:11:42.675 --> 01:11:50.383
the result of Spanish treachery.
On a particular day, when the

962
01:11:50.383 --> 01:11:54.721
Navy Secretary was away,
Roosevelt took it upon himself

963
01:11:54.721 --> 01:11:58.958
to redeploy ships and reassign
the most promising fighting men

964
01:11:58.958 --> 01:12:02.762
to the ships that were most
likely to be in battle. Admiral

965
01:12:02.762 --> 01:12:06.232
George Dewey was put in charge
of the Navy in the Far East, and

966
01:12:06.232 --> 01:12:09.169
ordered to undertake offensive
operations in The Philippine

967
01:12:09.169 --> 01:12:14.441
islands in the event of war.
Lorrin Thurston, frustrated that

968
01:12:14.441 --> 01:12:16.743
the annexation of Hawaii was
dropped from the national

969
01:12:16.743 --> 01:12:19.946
spotlight, stopped by
Roosevelt's office at the Navy

970
01:12:19.946 --> 01:12:24.784
Department. Thurston proposed
stockpiling coal in Honolulu to

971
01:12:24.784 --> 01:12:28.922
support naval operations against
Spain in the Pacific. Roosevelt

972
01:12:28.922 --> 01:12:32.725
went to work on Thurston 's idea
immediately, and the Republic

973
01:12:32.725 --> 01:12:36.663
set aside four vacant lots,
which eventually were piled with

974
01:12:36.663 --> 01:12:43.102
coal eight feet high. On April
19, at three in the morning,

975
01:12:43.770 --> 01:12:47.106
Congress passed a war
resolution. Northerners and

976
01:12:47.106 --> 01:12:50.577
Southerners alike joined
together in singing

977
01:12:50.577 --> 01:12:53.112
the Battle Hymn of the Republic.

978
01:12:57.784 --> 01:12:59.285
One of the oddities
of the Spanish

979
01:12:59.285 --> 01:13:02.188
American War was that most
Americans thought it was about

980
01:13:02.188 --> 01:13:07.594
Cuba, yet the fighting began in
the Philippines. On Roosevelt's

981
01:13:07.594 --> 01:13:10.997
broadly worded orders, Admiral
George Dewey maneuvered the

982
01:13:10.997 --> 01:13:15.702
Asiatic Fleet into Manila Bay.
At dawn, the American sailors

983
01:13:15.702 --> 01:13:21.241
shouted "Remember the Maine!" By
noon, 11 of Spain's antiquated

984
01:13:21.241 --> 01:13:26.646
ships had gone down, and the
last ship surrendered. The

985
01:13:26.646 --> 01:13:29.883
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
waited just long enough to read

986
01:13:29.883 --> 01:13:34.287
Dewey's cable to a crowd of
reporters then resigned to fight

987
01:13:34.287 --> 01:13:35.855
the Spanish in Cuba.

988
01:13:41.995 --> 01:13:43.897
An American army
departed from the

989
01:13:43.897 --> 01:13:47.867
west coast to support Admiral
Dewey in Manila. The American

990
01:13:47.867 --> 01:13:51.304
troops were destined to fight
not the defeated Spanish, but

991
01:13:51.304 --> 01:13:53.640
Filipino nationalists,
who sought their

992
01:13:53.640 --> 01:13:56.342
independence from colonialism.

993
01:14:03.016 --> 01:14:05.018
In Honolulu,
thousands of troops were

994
01:14:05.018 --> 01:14:08.054
stopping for a rest, while their
ships were refueled with

995
01:14:08.054 --> 01:14:13.092
Roosevelt and Thurston's stash
of coal. The little oligarchy at

996
01:14:13.092 --> 01:14:14.594
last seemed secure.

997
01:14:15.028 --> 01:14:16.696
Pacific Commercial Advertiser:
“These islands may ride into

998
01:14:16.696 --> 01:14:19.632
annexation on the war wave.
Millions of

999
01:14:19.632 --> 01:14:23.169
Americans for the first time,
study the maps of the Pacific

1000
01:14:23.169 --> 01:14:25.805
Ocean and know something about
its geography.”

1001
01:14:25.805 --> 01:14:28.041
Pacific Commercial Advertiser.

1002
01:14:29.475 --> 01:14:30.476
Narrator: One of those was

1003
01:14:30.476 --> 01:14:33.813
President McKinley, who said
that he had not known where The

1004
01:14:33.813 --> 01:14:38.751
Philippines were located within
2000 miles. McKinley's new

1005
01:14:38.751 --> 01:14:41.821
diplomatic representative
arrived in Hawaii, Harold

1006
01:14:41.821 --> 01:14:46.392
Sewall, offspring of a family of
shipbuilders from the Kennebec

1007
01:14:46.392 --> 01:14:50.430
River and Maine. Sewall was
moved to ecstasy by a rally of

1008
01:14:50.430 --> 01:14:51.564
annexationists.

1009
01:14:52.098 --> 01:14:55.168
Sewall: “The American
flag floats over the

1010
01:14:55.168 --> 01:14:59.205
Philippines and behind it is an
irresistible force that will

1011
01:14:59.205 --> 01:15:02.775
settle the problem of Hawaii,
whose important geographical

1012
01:15:02.775 --> 01:15:05.244
position must now be recognized.”

1013
01:15:05.411 --> 01:15:06.379
Narrator: With the show of

1014
01:15:06.379 --> 01:15:10.350
American Force, Hawaiians who
are being further marginalized.

1015
01:15:11.684 --> 01:15:14.153
Ke Aloha Aina: “Hawaiians are
being told to not only support

1016
01:15:14.153 --> 01:15:18.091
annexation and give up all their
land, but also become soldiers

1017
01:15:18.091 --> 01:15:22.195
in an American army to fight the
Spanish. Now is the time for us

1018
01:15:22.195 --> 01:15:25.898
to hold together. For annexation
is truly a poison for the

1019
01:15:25.898 --> 01:15:27.533
Hawaiian people.

1020
01:15:27.533 --> 01:15:33.306
(speaking Hawaiian)

1021
01:15:33.306 --> 01:15:36.542
Hawaii must not become a death
companion in this war.”

1022
01:15:37.043 --> 01:15:38.745
Ke Aloha Aina.

1023
01:15:49.422 --> 01:15:51.090
Narrator: Despite a war fever,

1024
01:15:51.090 --> 01:15:52.792
American opponents of annexation

1025
01:15:52.792 --> 01:15:56.195
continued to argue that the
rights of the Hawaiian people to

1026
01:15:56.195 --> 01:15:59.499
self-determination were being
trampled, and that America was

1027
01:15:59.499 --> 01:16:03.636
stepping off into overseas
imperialism. The Congressional

1028
01:16:03.636 --> 01:16:06.506
instrument of annexation
suddenly emerged from the House

1029
01:16:06.506 --> 01:16:10.910
of Representatives in the form
of a joint resolution, requiring

1030
01:16:10.910 --> 01:16:14.147
only a bare majority vote in
both the House and Senate.

1031
01:16:14.814 --> 01:16:17.917
Senators complained bitterly
that their constitutional

1032
01:16:17.917 --> 01:16:21.421
responsibility for approving
treaties by a two-thirds vote

1033
01:16:21.788 --> 01:16:26.092
was being taken from them. The
idea that annexation was a

1034
01:16:26.092 --> 01:16:29.629
treaty between one sovereign
nation and another had gone by

1035
01:16:29.629 --> 01:16:33.066
the boards. Speaking in
opposition, the senator from

1036
01:16:33.066 --> 01:16:37.470
Georgia, Augustus Bacon, said he
could agree to annexation if a

1037
01:16:37.470 --> 01:16:41.641
majority of Hawaii's people
agree. He was voted down.

1038
01:16:42.642 --> 01:16:46.312
Richard Pettigrew proposed that
all males born or naturalized in

1039
01:16:46.312 --> 01:16:51.117
Hawaii be given the right to
vote. His amendment was likewise

1040
01:16:51.117 --> 01:16:55.154
crushed. Now, the United States
Congress was on record as

1041
01:16:55.188 --> 01:16:59.158
agreeing with the oligarchy in
Hawaii that given a choice, the

1042
01:16:59.158 --> 01:17:02.695
Hawaiians would refuse
annexation, and so at all costs,

1043
01:17:03.429 --> 01:17:05.098
they must not be
allowed to vote.

1044
01:17:06.299 --> 01:17:07.366
Two days after the fourth

1045
01:17:07.366 --> 01:17:11.404
of July, the filibuster ended.
The United States Senate joined

1046
01:17:11.404 --> 01:17:14.741
the House in passing the joint
resolution of annexation.

1047
01:17:16.075 --> 01:17:16.809
Dr. Jon Kamakawiwoʻole Osorio:
They took Hawaii

1048
01:17:16.809 --> 01:17:17.744
when they were ready.

1049
01:17:18.644 --> 01:17:23.883
They took Hawaii when
they were ready. This idea of

1050
01:17:23.883 --> 01:17:28.554
the United States as a suitor is
a wonderful kind of image, then

1051
01:17:28.554 --> 01:17:32.358
they stand, you know, they're
basically going to make you run

1052
01:17:32.358 --> 01:17:34.894
into their arms. But
essentially, they're not going

1053
01:17:34.894 --> 01:17:37.663
to close up, they're not going
to embrace you until they

1054
01:17:37.663 --> 01:17:41.100
absolutely need you. And that's
what happens as a result of the

1055
01:17:41.100 --> 01:17:46.072
Spanish American War. And that
kind of jingoism that explodes

1056
01:17:46.072 --> 01:17:50.843
in America in 1898. They waited
and they waited and they waited

1057
01:17:51.144 --> 01:17:55.281
and they finally
culminated the relationship.

1058
01:17:56.649 --> 01:17:57.683
Annexation was an

1059
01:17:57.683 --> 01:18:00.820
agreement between a small group
of Americans who wanted this to

1060
01:18:00.820 --> 01:18:06.692
take place to simply take the
independence and the land and

1061
01:18:06.692 --> 01:18:11.264
the dreams of a whole group of
people and shift them over and

1062
01:18:11.264 --> 01:18:13.800
give them over to the United
States.

1063
01:18:20.439 --> 01:18:22.642
(music)

1064
01:18:34.787 --> 01:18:37.123
Narrator: The ceremony
of annexation was

1065
01:18:37.123 --> 01:18:39.759
arranged to occur on August 12,

1066
01:18:40.293 --> 01:18:43.529
which turned out to
be the same day

1067
01:18:43.529 --> 01:18:46.766
the Spanish American
War ended.

1068
01:18:49.302 --> 01:18:54.574
Sanford Dole acted in
what he called the interest of

1069
01:18:54.574 --> 01:18:59.245
the Hawaiian body politic,
ceding the sovereignty and

1070
01:18:59.245 --> 01:19:03.850
property of the Hawaiian
Islands, nearly half of all its

1071
01:19:03.850 --> 01:19:08.187
lands to the United States
government, along with other

1072
01:19:08.187 --> 01:19:12.158
holdings of the Government of
the Republic, including

1073
01:19:12.158 --> 01:19:16.796
200,000 rounds of ammunition.

1074
01:19:18.865 --> 01:19:22.401
The five-year process
was complete.

1075
01:19:23.002 --> 01:19:27.440
A small band of white men,
supported by the government of

1076
01:19:27.440 --> 01:19:33.813
the United States had given away
the national heritage of a 2,000

1077
01:19:33.813 --> 01:19:40.119
year old society. The native
Hawaiian political Hui called on

1078
01:19:40.119 --> 01:19:44.357
their members to boycott the
ceremony. They issued their

1079
01:19:44.357 --> 01:19:45.925
final petition.

1080
01:19:46.192 --> 01:19:52.198
(Speaking Hawaiian)

1081
01:19:53.666 --> 01:19:55.568
Hui: “Whereas the
declaration of

1082
01:19:55.568 --> 01:19:59.205
American independence
expresses that

1083
01:19:59.205 --> 01:20:04.377
governments derive their just
powers from the consent of the

1084
01:20:04.377 --> 01:20:11.417
governed. (Speaking Hawaiian) We
most vehemently protest this

1085
01:20:11.417 --> 01:20:13.085
annexation.

1086
01:20:16.656 --> 01:20:20.192
Narrator: The Queen
had just returned to Hawaii and

1087
01:20:20.192 --> 01:20:23.296
Hawaiians flocked to greet her.

1088
01:20:23.296 --> 01:20:26.032
Ke Aloha Aina: “We are your
Aloha Aina people.

1089
01:20:27.366 --> 01:20:31.337
From the time you
left until today, we have kept

1090
01:20:31.337 --> 01:20:36.475
an unshakable resolve and sealed
inside each of our hearts is

1091
01:20:36.475 --> 01:20:41.747
Aloha, for the land, and for our
kūpuna, whose flesh has been

1092
01:20:41.747 --> 01:20:45.318
wounded.” Ke Aloha Aina.

1093
01:20:47.787 --> 01:21:00.866
Liliuokalani:
(Speaking Hawaiian)

1094
01:21:00.866 --> 01:21:05.137
“I am taking your
thanks as something for me to

1095
01:21:05.137 --> 01:21:08.975
keep until the end of my days.

1096
01:21:12.078 --> 01:21:17.316
(music)

1097
01:21:22.788 --> 01:21:24.123
Narrator: The
following month,

1098
01:21:24.123 --> 01:21:29.695
a thin volume titled The
Transformation of Hawaii,

1099
01:21:29.695 --> 01:21:35.067
appeared in what was to become a
vast literature of denial.

1100
01:21:36.635 --> 01:21:41.307
Brain: “Hawaii was annexed not
by purchase, nor by conquest,

1101
01:21:41.307 --> 01:21:45.277
but by the vote of the Hawaiian
people who offer them

1102
01:21:45.277 --> 01:21:49.815
to us as a gift.
Belle Brain, Author.

1103
01:21:50.282 --> 01:21:51.751
Narrator: The day after the

1104
01:21:51.751 --> 01:21:57.790
annexation ceremony, the Aloha
Aina newspaper said "He oia mao

1105
01:21:57.790 --> 01:22:02.328
no kakou” We indeed continue.

1106
01:22:06.899 --> 01:22:09.869
Narrator: Liliuokalani lived on
at Washington place

1107
01:22:09.869 --> 01:22:15.007
in Honolulu until her
death at age 79 in 1917.

1108
01:22:19.812 --> 01:22:23.816
Sanford Dole, in the
fragility of old age, was cared

1109
01:22:23.816 --> 01:22:28.220
for by the family of his hanai
Hawaiian daughter.

1110
01:22:28.754 --> 01:22:31.424
Lorrin Thurston's memoir
set the tone

1111
01:22:31.424 --> 01:22:32.892
for the written
history of Hawaiʻi

1112
01:22:32.892 --> 01:22:37.296
in the 20th century. He
described the annexation as an

1113
01:22:37.296 --> 01:22:41.600
island drama, and blamed most of
the trouble on Liliuokalani's

1114
01:22:41.600 --> 01:22:46.705
stubborn ways. The annexation of
Hawaii was followed quickly by

1115
01:22:46.705 --> 01:22:50.676
the American acquisition of
parts of Samoa, Guam, the

1116
01:22:50.676 --> 01:22:53.612
Northern Marianas Islands, and
the Philippine Islands in the

1117
01:22:53.612 --> 01:22:57.283
Pacific, as well as Puerto Rico
and the Cuban base in the

1118
01:22:57.283 --> 01:22:59.151
Caribbean Sea.

1119
01:23:00.820 --> 01:23:05.624
Over 4,000 Americans
and 70,000 Filipinos

1120
01:23:05.624 --> 01:23:08.961
were killed in the
Philippine-American war.

1121
01:23:11.263 --> 01:23:13.065
Teddy Roosevelt
ran for vice president

1122
01:23:13.065 --> 01:23:16.669
with McKinley in 1900.
And in 1901,

1123
01:23:16.669 --> 01:23:20.439
became president when
McKinley was assassinated.

1124
01:23:23.976 --> 01:23:26.078
In 1902,

1125
01:23:26.078 --> 01:23:30.182
Congress passed
legislation to build a canal

1126
01:23:30.182 --> 01:23:35.154
through the Isthmus of Panama,
enabling American ships to pass

1127
01:23:35.154 --> 01:23:40.092
quickly from the Caribbean to
the new United States Territory

1128
01:23:40.092 --> 01:23:45.998
of Hawaii. From these bases,
America's Navy dominated the

1129
01:23:45.998 --> 01:23:52.071
approaches to both Latin America
and Asia. And with that, the

1130
01:23:52.071 --> 01:23:57.810
stage was set for America to be
a great naval power and a great

1131
01:23:57.810 --> 01:24:03.582
power in the commerce of nations
in what came to be celebrated as

1132
01:24:03.582 --> 01:24:05.918
the American century.

1133
01:24:05.918 --> 01:24:10.055
(music)

1134
01:26:22.821 --> 01:26:24.890
The preceding program was made

1135
01:26:24.890 --> 01:26:28.327
possible by the Office of
Hawaiian Affairs, Bishop Museum

1136
01:26:28.327 --> 01:26:32.298
Native Hawaiian Culture and Arts
Program, the Hawaii Committee

1137
01:26:32.298 --> 01:26:36.168
for the Humanities, the Hawaii
Community Foundation, the

1138
01:26:36.168 --> 01:26:39.505
Gerbode Foundation and Pacific
Islanders in Communications.